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Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a local area network (LAN) without wires. It allows a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building). It is also referred as Wi-Fi or WiFi

TP-Link-TL-WDN3200-N600-Wireless-Dual-Band-USB-Adapter-in-Linux-blackMORE-Ops.jpg
How toLinuxWireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

TP-Link TL-WDN3200 N600 Wireless Dual Band USB Adapter in Linux

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

TP-Link-TL-WDN3200-N600-Wireless-Dual-Band-USB-Adapter-in-Linux-blackMORE-Ops.jpgI’ve got this TP-Link TL-WDN3200 N600 Wireless Dual Band USB Adapter and I’ve been trying to make it work in Kali Linux which is a Debian derivative. I managed to find the Linux driver DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022.tar.bz2 from http://www.mediatek.com/. The instructions were very clear but when I tried to compile I received an compile error “make: *** /lib/modules/3.7-trunk-amd64/build: No such file or directory. Stop.“. Following is how to re-produce and fix this error.

Plug-in the USB Adapter

Issue the following command which lists all plugged in USB devices.

root@oracle:~# lsusb 
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0020 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 148f:2870 Ralink Technology, Corp. RT2870 Wireless Adapter
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 148f:5572 Ralink Technology, Corp. 
root@oracle:~#

Download driver and unpack it.

root@oracle:~# tar xvf DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022.tar.bz2
root@oracle:~# cd Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/
root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# ls
chips    iwpriv_usage.txt  rate_ctrl          RT2870STA.dat             tools
common   Makefile          README_STA_usb     sta
include  os                RT2870STACard.dat  sta_ate_iwpriv_usage.txt

Modify makefile

In Makefile

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# leafpad Makefile

set the "MODE = STA" in Makefile and chose the TARGET to Linux by set "TARGET = LINUX".
You can modify more to meet your need.

Modify config.mk file

In os/linux/config.mk

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# leafpad os/linux/config.mk

2 Options:

** Build for being controlled by NetworkManager or wpa_supplicant wext functions
Please set ‘HAS_WPA_SUPPLICANT=y’ and ‘HAS_NATIVE_WPA_SUPPLICANT_SUPPORT=y’.
=> #>cd wpa_supplicant-x.x
=> #>./wpa_supplicant -Dwext -ira0 -c wpa_supplicant.conf -d
** Build for being controlled by WpaSupplicant with Ralink Driver
Please set ‘HAS_WPA_SUPPLICANT=y’ and ‘HAS_NATIVE_WPA_SUPPLICANT_SUPPORT=n’.
=> #>cd wpa_supplicant-0.5.7
=> #>./wpa_supplicant -Dralink -ira0 -c wpa_supplicant.conf -d

In my case, I choose y and y for both.

Complile code

Now lets try to compile using make command.

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# make
make -C tools
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/tools'
gcc -g bin2h.c -o bin2h
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/tools'
/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/tools/bin2h
cp -f os/linux/Makefile.6 /root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/os/linux/Makefile
make -C /lib/modules/3.7-trunk-amd64/build SUBDIRS=/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/os/linux modules
make: *** /lib/modules/3.7-trunk-amd64/build: No such file or directory.  Stop.
make: *** [LINUX] Error 2

This is where I got the error:

make: *** /lib/modules/3.7-trunk-amd64/build: No such file or directory.  Stop.
make: *** [LINUX] Error 2

Determine headers

To fix this error we need to install correct headers as you can see the compiler is looking into the following directory /lib/modules/3.7-trunk-amd64/build
Following command will list available headers

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# aptitude search `uname -r`
p   linux-headers-3.7-trunk-amd64                 - Header files for Linux 3.7-trunk-amd64
i A linux-image-3.7-trunk-amd64                   - Linux 3.7 for 64-bit PCs              
p   linux-image-3.7-trunk-amd64-dbg               - Debugging symbols for Linux 3.7-trunk-amd64                             
v   linux-latest-modules-3.7-trunk-amd64          -                                       
v   linux-modules-3.7-trunk-amd64                 -                                       
p   xen-linux-system-3.7-trunk-amd64              - Xen system with Linux 3.7 on 64-bit PCs (meta-package)

Now let’s install the correct headers using the following command

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r|sed 's,[^-]*-[^-]*-,,')
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  linux-headers-3.7-trunk-amd64 linux-headers-3.7-trunk-common linux-kbuild-3.7
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  linux-headers-3.7-trunk-amd64 linux-headers-3.7-trunk-common linux-headers-amd64 linux-kbuild-3.7
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 4,671 kB of archives.
After this operation, 30.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y
.
.
.
.
.
<truncated>
.
.
.

Setting up linux-headers-3.7-trunk-common (3.7.2-0+kali8) ...
Setting up linux-kbuild-3.7 (3.7.1-1~experimental.1+kali2) ...
Setting up linux-headers-3.7-trunk-amd64 (3.7.2-0+kali8) ...
Setting up linux-headers-amd64 (3.7+46+kali1) ...

That looks good. Now we should be able to compile the code

Compile code – Take 2

Issue make command to complile source codes

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# make
make -C tools
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/tools'
gcc -g bin2h.c -o bin2h
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/tools'
/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/tools/bin2h
cp -f os/linux/Makefile.6 /root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/os/linux/Makefile
make -C /lib/modules/3.7-trunk-amd64/build SUBDIRS=/root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/os/linux modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.7-trunk-amd64'
.
.
.
.
.
<truncated>
.
.
.
.
.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.7-trunk-amd64'
cp -f /root/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022/os/linux/rt5572sta.ko /tftpboot
root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022#

Thats looks better. Now we can try to actually use the driver.

Copy drivers

Copy the driver to /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# mkdir -p /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/
root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# cp RT2870STA.dat /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/

Load driver module

Plugin the USB Adapter now if you haven’t already and load driver

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# insmod os/linux/rt5572sta.ko

Set interface up

Set interface up and you might need to restart Network Manager

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# ifconfig ra0 inet up
root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# service network-manager restart

Unload driver module

To unload driver, unplug the USB Adapter and

root@oracle:~/Desktop/DPO_RT5572_LinuxSTA_2.6.1.3_20121022# rmmod rt2870sta

That makes TP-Link TL-WDN3200 N600 Wireless Dual Band USB Adapter work in linux.

Thanks for reading.

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Cracking Wifi WPA WPA2 passwords using Reaver-WPS - blackMORE Ops
CrackingHackingLinuxReaverWireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

Cracking Wifi WPA/WPA2 passwords using Reaver-WPS

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

Reaver-wps performs a brute force attack against an access point’s WiFi Protected Setup pin number. Cracking Wifi WPA WPA2 passwords using Reaver-WPS - blackMORE OpsOnce the WPS pin is found, the WPA PSK can be recovered and alternately the AP’s wireless settings can be reconfigured. This post outlines the steps and command that helps cracking Wifi WPA/WPA2 passwords using Reaver-WPS.

While Reaver-wps does not support reconfiguring the AP, this can be accomplished with wpa_supplicant once the WPS pin is known.

Readers, note that I’ve since written another post where I could crack a password in 14.21 seconds. using pyrit cowpatty and WiFite combination attack with dictionary.The whole process takes less than 10 minutes.

Those who would like to try more ways of cracking Wifi WPA WPA2 passwords, you can also use HashCat or cudaHashcat or oclHashcat to crack your unknown Wifi WPA WPA2 passwords. The benefit of using Hashcat is, you can create your own rule to match a pattern and do a Brute-force attack. This is an alternative to using dictionary attack where dictionary can contain only certain amount of words but a brute-force attack will allow you to test every possible combinations of given charsets. Hashcat can crack Wifi WPA/WPA2 passwords and you can also use it to crack MD5, phpBB, MySQL and SHA1 passwords. Using Hashcat is an good option as if you can guess 1 or 2 characters in a password, it only takes few minutes. For example: if you know 3 characters in a password, it takes 12 minutes to crack it. If you know 4 characters in a password, it takes 3 minutes. You can make rules to only try letters and numbers to crack a completely unknown password if you know a certain Router’s default password contains only those. Possibilities of cracking is a lot higher in this way.

Important Note: Many users try to capture with network cards that are not supported. You should purchase a card that supports Kali Linux including injection and monitor mode etc. A list can be found in 802.11 Recommended USB Wireless Cards for Kali Linux. It is very important that you have a supported card, otherwise you’ll be just wasting time and effort on something that just won’t do the job.

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