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Boot Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS from USB SSD on Raspberry Pi 4
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Boot Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS from USB SSD on Raspberry Pi 4

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

This is a guide for configuring Raspberry Pi4 to boot Ubuntu from external USB SSD drive instead of SD card. SSD drives are much faster than SD cards, more reliable and now lower cost than SD cards for larger memory sizes.Instructions for Ubuntu server 22.04 LTS are provided. Note that earlier versions of Ubuntu are much more difficult to configure for using external SSDs so I recommend using this latest Ubuntu release.

Boot Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS from USB SSD on Raspberry Pi 4

Requirements

Hardware used in this guide

  • Raspberry Pi 4 with 8GB RAM
  • 32GB micro SD card
  • Kingston A400 120GB SSD
  • StarTech SATA to USB adapter
  • Eluteng SATA to USB adapter
  • Adequate Power Supply due to additional SSD power consumption. (3.5A recommended)

Software used:

  • Windows 10 or Windows 11 PC however guide will be similar for MAC and Linux Users.
  • Raspberry Pi Imager (Balena Etcher is also a good tool for writing to SD cards)

NOTE: It turns out that there are a lot of SATA to USB adapters that do not work correctly when used to boot the Raspberry Pi. After many lost hours trying to get an incompatible cable to work I found this great resource on this topic with a database of know working cables.

James Chambers’ blog was also a great resource for writing other parts of this guide.

1. Upgrade bootloader firmware on Raspberry Pi 4

You need to make sure that the your Raspberry Pi 4 is running the latest bootloader firmware available. USB boot feature was enabled on the Pi 4 bootloader in the fall of 2020.

  1. Use Raspberry Pi Imager V1.6 to install Raspberry Pi OS (lite version without desktop is best) on SD card
  2. Copy empty text file called ssh.txt onto the system-boot partition of the SD card. Remove SD card from PC and insert into Raspberry Pi
  3. SSH into Pi
    Default user: pi
    default password: raspberry
  4. Make sure you have the latest kernal updates. This will take several minutes
    sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y
  5. Restart Pi to apply updates
    sudo reboot
  6. SSH into Pi
  7. Your Pi may currently be configured to use critical or stable bootloader releases. Normally I configure it to use the stable releases. Open file and change the FIRMWARE_RELEASE_STATUS entry to stable.
    sudo nano /etc/default/rpi-eeprom-update
  8. Check bootloader firmware version
    sudo rpi-eeprom-update

If bootloader is out of date you will see something like this:

BCM2711 detected
Dedicated VL805 EEPROM detected
*** UPDATE AVAILABLE ***
BOOTLOADER: update available
CURRENT: Thu 16 Apr 17:11:26 UTC 2020 (1587057086)
 LATEST: Thu  3 Sep 12:11:43 UTC 2020 (1599135103)
 FW DIR: /lib/firmware/raspberrypi/bootloader/stable
VL805: update available
CURRENT: 000137ad
 LATEST: 000138a1

If bootloader is up to date you will see something like this:

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo rpi-eeprom-update
BCM2711 detected
Dedicated VL805 EEPROM detected
BOOTLOADER: up-to-date
CURRENT: Thu  3 Sep 12:11:43 UTC 2020 (1599135103)
 LATEST: Thu  3 Sep 12:11:43 UTC 2020 (1599135103)
 FW DIR: /lib/firmware/raspberrypi/bootloader/critical
VL805: up-to-date
CURRENT: 000138a1
 LATEST: 000138a1
  1. Update bootloader if it is out of date
    sudo rpi-eeprom-update -a
  2. Restart Pi to apply updates
    sudo reboot 
  3. Check to see if update was applied
    sudo rpi-eeprom-update

2. Select Boot Device Preference

The default boot setting on our Pi is likely to boot off of SDcard only. We are going to change this so it cycles between trying to boot from SDcard first and then from external USB drive if SD card boot fails.

SSH into the Pi OS installation that you used to upgrade the bootloader in step 1.

  1. run raspi-config utility
    sudo raspi-config
  2. Select option 6 Advanced Options
  3. Select option A6 Boot Order
  4. Select option B1 USB Boot
    You should get pop up window that says “USB device is default boot device”
  5. select ok
  6. select finish and select Yes when asked if you would like to reboot now.
    the Pi should reboot like normal. Start SSH session to confirm
  7. shutdown Pi
    sudo shutdown now

3. Install Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS on USB 3.0 SSD

USB booting Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS is very simple now with the latest Pi bootloader.

  1. Connect SSD to PC via SATA->USB cable
  2. Download Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS 64bit
    https://ubuntu.com/download/raspberry-pi
  3. Use Raspberry Pi Imager V1.6 or Balena Etcher to write Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS on the external SSD.
    Be very careful when selecting the drive number that you choose the correct external drive and not your internal computer hardrive!
  4. Connect the SSD to the USB3 port(blue) on the Pi4.
  5. Make sure SDcard used previously to update the bootloader has been remove
  6. Power up the Pi. If everything is good the USB boot should work.
  7. SSH into Pi to confirm boot
    Default user: ubuntu
    default password: ubuntu
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How to fix permission denied while trying to connect to the Docker daemon socket at unix:///var/run/docker.sock: error
Docker

How to edit files inside Docker container?

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

Just migrating everything to bunch of new RaspberryPi 4 8GB from my VMware farm. Instead of using multiple Raspberry Pi 4, I decided to use Docker and move as many I can into each one of these. I’ve think Home Assistant (with supervisor), Pi-Hole, Pi-VPN, UnBound and my NoIP2 scripts one Raspberry Pi4 8GB Pi running Debian 11 BullsEye and docker and Plex Server onto another Pi should do the trick. Anyhow, ran into an interesting problem with Undound where I needed to edit the configuration file nano application.yaml or vi unbound.sh and it said, nano or vi wasn’t installed. How to fix permission denied while trying to connect to the Docker daemon socket at unix:///var/run/docker.sock: error

[box type=”error” align=”” class=”” width=””]bash: vi: command not found[/box]

Asked my best buddy Google and DuckDuckGo and and quickly found the solution.

Apparently, Docker has a principle of keeping the things lightweight so that developers can easily ship the containers to any environment. But you can install packages manually.

So let’s find the name of the docket container I want to login:

root@bullspie4:~# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
0b69f13af06e mvance/unbound-rpi:latest "/unbound.sh" 5 minutes ago Up 3 minutes (healthy) 53/tcp, 53/udp unbound-rpi
d147941539a5 pihole/pihole:latest "/s6-init" 55 minutes ago Up 55 minutes (healthy) 53/udp, 53/tcp, 67/udp, 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, :::80->80/tcp pihole
c4d21f03b89a ghcr.io/home-assistant/aarch64-hassio-dns:2021.06.0 "/init" About an hour ago Up About an hour hassio_dns
7f733857ea35 ghcr.io/home-assistant/aarch64-hassio-multicast:2021.04.0 "/init" 25 hours ago Up 25 hours hassio_multicast
aacc097ef9b2 ghcr.io/home-assistant/aarch64-hassio-cli:2021.08.1 "/init /bin/bash -c …" 25 hours ago Up 25 hours hassio_cli
0c6a08878863 ghcr.io/home-assistant/aarch64-hassio-audio:2021.07.0 "/init" 25 hours ago Up 25 hours hassio_audio
4b11bbe09822 portainer/portainer-ce:latest "/portainer" 2 days ago Up 25 hours 8000/tcp, 0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp, :::9000->9000/tcp portainer
08bcc43e7f02 ghcr.io/home-assistant/raspberrypi4-64-homeassistant:2021.9.3 "/init" 2 days ago Up 25 hours homeassistant
76312a05c031 ghcr.io/home-assistant/aarch64-hassio-observer:2021.06.0 "/init" 2 days ago Up 25 hours 0.0.0.0:4357->80/tcp, :::4357->80/tcp hassio_observer
fbb7862b1695 homeassistant/aarch64-hassio-supervisor "/init" 2 days ago Up 25 hours hassio_supervisor

Now let’s login as root user (If you do not put the -u 0 flag inside your docker container then you will be logged as appuser and you will not have root privileges and you will not be able to install any new utility inside your docker container.

root@bullspie4:~# docker exec -u 0 -it unbound-rpi bash
root@2b0ae048c5a0:/opt/unbound#

Now rest of it easy, I used apt to install packages, you just replace it with your packager manager’s name like yum, pacman and such.

root@2b0ae048c5a0:/opt/unbound# apt update && apt install nano -y
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done

And now I can edit using nano

root@2b0ae048c5a0:/opt/unbound# nano application.yaml

That’s it.

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Cracking

Penetration Testing Tools for Beginners

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

Karkinos is a light-weight Beginner Friendly Penetration Testing Tool, which is basically a ‘Swiss Army Knife’ for pen-testing and/or hacking CTF’s.

Karkinos - Beginner Friendly Penetration Testing Tool

 

Karkinos Beginner Friendly Penetration Testing Tool Features

  • Encoding/Decoding characters
  • Encrypting/Decrypting text or files
  • Reverse shell handling
  • Cracking and generating hashes

How to Install Karkinos Beginner Friendly Penetration Testing Tool

Dependencies are:

  • Any server capable of hosting PHP
  • Tested with PHP 7.4.9
  • Tested with Python 3.8
  • Make sure it is in your path as:
  • Windows: python
  • Linux: python3
  • If it is not, please change the commands in includes/pid.php
  • Pip3
  • Raspberry Pi Zero friendly :) (crack hashes at your own risk)

Then:

  1. git clone https://github.com/helich0pper/Karkinos.git
  2. cd Karkinos
  3. pip3 install -r requirements.txt
  4. cd wordlists && unzip passlist.zip You can also unzip it manually using file explorer. Just make sure passlist.txt is in wordlists directory.
  5. Make sure you have write privilages for db/main.db
  6. Enable extension=mysqli in your php.ini file.
  7. If you don’t know where to find this, refer to the PHP docs. Note: MySQLi is only used to store statistics.
  8. Thats it! Now just host it using your preferred web server or run: php -S 127.0.0.1:8888 in the Karkinos directory.

Important: using port 5555, 5556, or 5557 will conflict with the Modules
If you insist on using these ports, change the PORT value in:

  • /bin/Server/app.py Line 87
  • /bin/Busting/app.py Line 155
  • /bin/PortScan/app.py Line 128

You can download Karkinos here:

Karkinos-main.zip

Or read more here.

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vcgencmd command not found - blackMORE Ops - 1
Linux

vcgencmd command not found

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

I have Debian and Ubuntu running on two separate Raspberry Pi 4 8GB. As these are not your usual Raspbian OS, they didn’t come with vcgencmd binaries. Understandably, I received the following error when I tried to measure temperature on my Raspberry Pi 4.

sudo vcgencmd measure_temp
sudo: vcgencmd: command not found

vcgencmd command not found - blackMORE Ops - 1

Now, vcgencmd is part of the libraspberrypi-bin package. You can use the following command to check apt policy for it.

sudo apt-cache policy libraspberrypi-bin

libraspberrypi-bin:
Installed: 0~20200520+git2fe4ca3-0ubuntu3~20.04
Candidate: 0~20200520+git2fe4ca3-0ubuntu3~20.04
Version table:
*** 0~20200520+git2fe4ca3-0ubuntu3~20.04 500
500 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports focal-updates/universe arm64 Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

Install vcgencmd

Simply as a pie

sudo apt-get install libraspberrypi-bin

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libraspberrypi0
Suggested packages:
libgps-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libraspberrypi-bin libraspberrypi0
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 454 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1,739 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

Run vcgencmd

You can run the following command to measure temperature on a Raspberry Pi.

sudo vcgencmd measure_temp

temp=50.1'C

More here

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Install Docker and Portainer on Raspberry Pi, Ubuntu and Debian variants
AMD

Install Docker and Portainer

by blackMORE
written by blackMORE

Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that use OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. Containers are isolated from one another and bundle their own software, libraries and configuration files; they can communicate with each other through well-defined channels. Because all of the containers share the services of a single operating system kernel, they use fewer resources than virtual machines. The service has both free and premium tiers. The software that hosts the containers is called Docker Engine.

Portainer CE is a lightweight ‘universal’ management GUI that can be used to easily manage Docker, Swarm, Kubernetes and ACI environments. It is designed to be as simple to deploy as it is to use. Portainer consists of a single container that can run on any cluster. It can be deployed as a Linux container or a Windows native container. Portainer allows you to manage all your orchestrator resources (containers, images, volumes, networks and more) through a super-simple graphical interface. A fully supported version of Portainer is available for business use.

Install Docker and Portainer on Raspberry Pi, Ubuntu and Debian variants

Supported OS:

To upgrade and Install Docker and Portainer on Raspberry Pi, Ubuntu and Debian variants, you need the 64-bit version of one of these:

  • Ubuntu Hirsute 21.04
  • Ubuntu Focal 20.04 (LTS)
  • Ubuntu Bionic 18.04 (LTS)
  • Debian Bullseye 11 (stable)
  • Debian Buster 10 (oldstable)
  • Raspbian Bullseye 11 (stable)
  • Raspbian Buster 10 (oldstable)

Docker Engine is supported on x86_64 (or amd64), armhf, and arm64 architectures.

Uninstall old versions

It’s always a good idea to cleanup before you install Docker and  Portainer. You might want to do some research if it’s not a new host machine where you are installing Docker and  Portainer.

sudo apt-get remove docker docker-engine docker.io containerd runc

Install Docker

Install using the repository

Before you install Docker and Portainer for the first time on a new host machine, you need to set up the Docker repository. Afterward, you can install and update Docker from the repository.

[toggle title=”Script for Raspbian (click to show)” state=”close”]For Raspbian, installing using the repository is not yet supported. You must instead use the convenience script, commands below will install Docker stable:
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
sudo sh get-docker.sh[/toggle]

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu  $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gnupg lsb-release
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
sudo docker run hello-world

Install Portainer:

To Install Portainer simply run the following commands:

sudo docker pull portainer/portainer-ce:latest
sudo docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --name=portainer --restart=always -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v portainer_data:/data portainer/portainer-ce:latest

Upgrade Portainer:

To Upgrade Portainer simply run the following commands:

sudo docker stop portainer
sudo docker rm portainer
sudo docker pull portainer/portainer-ce:latest
sudo docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --name=portainer --restart=always -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v portainer_data:/data portainer/portainer-ce:latest
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